Why Is Hamstring Strain Injury so Common in Sport Despite Numerous Prevention Methods? Are There Any Missing Pieces to This Puzzle?

Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Why Are Pieces of This Puzzle Still Missing?

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can be classified as primary or secondary. Moreover, many causes of primary FSGS have been identified in recent years. In this regard, genetic circulating permeability factors and the abnormal podocyte expression of co-stimulatory molecules have been reported. However, the classification of this entity remains difficult to understand, mainly due to the ...

Leptin and transplantation: pieces are still missing in the puzzle.

Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle

stimulate the migration and maturation of lymphocytes. Furthermore, NF-␬B is central for the overall immune response through its ability to activate genes coding for and cyclin D1, that are critical for apoptotic processes (Karin and Lin, 2002). regulation is the I␬B kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered intriguing and outstanding questions that a...

Is There any Mean to Postpone The Menopausal Ovarian Senescence?

The ovarian reserve (OR) gradually decreases throughout the female fertile life. This continuous depletion in OR is irreversible. This occurs through a programmed cell death known apoptosis. Some factors hasten such depletion such as chemo- and radiotherapy. Others have been investigated in trials to preserve the OR including gonadotropins, cytokines, growth hormones, nitric oxide and reorganiz...

1918 Influenza, a Puzzle with Missing Pieces

hanks and Brundage offer thought-provoking hypotheses about infl uenza pathogenesis during the catastrophic 1918–1919 pandemic (1). Although we neither agree nor disagree with their views, its central hypothesis of T-cell–mediated immunopathogenesis begs examination of past events in light of modern immunologic and virologic understanding. We also emphasize that effects of the pandemic virus sh...